Breast cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the breast tissue when normal cells change and grow uncontrollably. This usually happens in the milk ducts or glands, which are responsible for producing and transporting milk. While it mainly affects women, men can also develop breast cancer.

Types of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer can be classified into different types based on where it starts. Some types begin in the milk ducts and can be treated if caught early, while others start in the glands that produce milk and may spread to nearby tissue. There’s also a rare and aggressive form that causes swelling and redness without a lump, which needs quick treatment.

Risk Factors

Several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer, including:

• Age: The risk increases significantly after age 40, with most cases diagnosed in women over 50.
• Gender: Women are much more likely to develop breast cancer than men.
• Family History: A family history of breast or ovarian cancer can increase risk, particularly with hereditary mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2.
• Genetic Factors: Specific genetic mutations can predispose individuals to breast cancer.

Symptoms

Symptoms of breast cancer may include:

• A lump or mass in the breast or underarm area
• Changes in breast shape or size
• Skin changes, such as redness or dimpling
• Nipple discharge or changes in the appearance of the nipple

Diagnosis and Treatment Methods for Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide and is a significant health concern in India, being the most common cancer among women. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial in improving survival rates. Here’s an overview of the methods of diagnosis and treatment commonly followed in India.

Diagnosis Methods

1.Clinical Breast Exam (CBE):

• A healthcare professional examines the breasts for any abnormalities, such as lumps or changes in size or shape.

2.Mammography:

• This is the first-line screening tool for breast cancer, using low-dose X-rays to create detailed images of the breast. It can detect tumors that are too small to feel.

3.Ultrasound:

• Often used to further evaluate abnormalities found during a mammogram, ultrasound employs sound waves to create images of breast tissue, helping to distinguish between solid masses and fluid-filled cysts.

4.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):

• MRI provides detailed cross-sectional images of the breast using radio waves and a magnetic field. It is particularly useful for high-risk patients or to assess the extent of known cancers.

5.Biopsy:

• A definitive diagnosis of breast cancer is made through biopsy, where tissue samples are removed for examination. Types include:Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy

6.Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy:

• This procedure checks if cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes by removing a small number of nodes for testing.

7.Advanced Imaging Techniques:

• Techniques like PET/CT scans and digital breast tomosynthesis (3D mammography) provide additional information about tumor characteristics and potential metastasis.

Treatment Methods

1.Surgery:

• Lumpectomy: Removal of the tumor and some surrounding tissue.
• Mastectomy: Complete removal of one or both breasts, often recommended for larger tumors or multiple areas of cancer.
• Lymph Node Removal: Often performed alongside mastectomy to check for cancer spread.

2.Radiation Therapy:

• Uses high-energy waves to target and kill cancer cells, typically administered after surgery to eliminate any remaining cells.

3.Chemotherapy:

• Systemic treatment that uses drugs to kill rapidly dividing cells, often used before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink tumors or after surgery (adjuvant) to reduce recurrence risk.

4.Hormone Therapy:

• For hormone receptor-positive cancers, medications like tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors block hormones that fuel tumor growth.

5.Targeted Therapy:

• Involves drugs that specifically target cancer cell characteristics, such as HER2-positive cancers treated with trastuzumab (Herceptin).

6.Immunotherapy:

• A newer approach that helps the immune system recognize and fight cancer cells more effectively.

Multidisciplinary Approach

In India, breast cancer treatment often follows a multidisciplinary approach involving a team of specialists, including surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and pathologists. This collaborative effort ensures comprehensive care tailored to individual patient needs.The landscape of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment in India has evolved significantly, with advancements in technology and techniques improving patient outcomes.

Understanding breast cancer’s nature, types, risk factors, and symptoms is essential for early detection and effective management. Regular screenings, such as mammograms and ultrasounds, coupled with awareness of personal risk factors, can lead to timely diagnosis and treatment, significantly improving outcomes.Continuous advancements in diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving the quality of life for those affected by breast cancer.

About the Author:

Sarah Fathima is a passionate science educator turned genome analyst who worked in cancer genomics, and is now a biocurator and bioinformatician at Nugenomics. Inspired young minds as a school teacher. Contributed to cancer research and patient care through report generation. Currently curates genomic data to advance understanding of genetic influences on health.

Breast cancer is often perceived as a disease that predominantly affects women, but it is essential to recognize that men can also develop this condition. Although male breast cancer is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases, awareness and understanding are crucial for early detection and treatment.

Understanding Male Breast Cancer

Male breast cancer typically arises from the small amount of breast tissue that men possess. This tissue consists of ducts and lobules, similar to those found in women, although much less developed. The most common type of male breast cancer is invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), which begins in the milk ducts and can spread to surrounding tissues. Other types include invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), although these are less common in men.

Symptoms to Watch For

The symptoms of male breast cancer can mirror those experienced by women. Key indicators include:

– A painless lump: Often the first noticeable sign, typically found near the nipple.

– Changes in the skin: This may involve dimpling, puckering, or a change in colour.

– Nipple alterations: Such as retraction or discharge.

– Swollen lymph nodes: Especially under the arms.

Men should consult a healthcare provider if they notice any unusual changes in their breast tissue.

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing male breast cancer:

– Age: Most cases occur in men over 50.

– Genetic predisposition: Family history of breast cancer or mutations in genes like BRCA2 can elevate risk.

– Hormonal imbalances: Conditions that increase estrogen levels, such as obesity or liver disease, are linked to higher risks.

– Klinefelter syndrome: A rare genetic condition that results in an extra X chromosome that increases susceptibility.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination followed by imaging tests like mammograms or ultrasounds. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for male breast cancer often include:

– Surgery: Mastectomy (removal of one or both breasts) is common due to the limited amount of breast tissue in men. In some cases, lumpectomy may be an option for small tumours.

– Radiation therapy: Used post-surgery to reduce recurrence risk.

– Chemotherapy and hormone therapy: These may be recommended based on the tumour’s characteristics.

The prognosis for men diagnosed with breast cancer has improved significantly over the years. While survival rates are generally lower than those for women—partly due to delayed diagnosis—the five-year survival rate for men is approximately 87% when detected early.

Conclusion

Awareness about male breast cancer is vital for early detection and effective treatment. Men should not hesitate to discuss any concerns regarding changes in their breast tissue with healthcare professionals. By breaking down the stigma surrounding this condition, we can encourage more men to seek help and improve outcomes for those affected by this rare but serious disease.

Bio

M Nithya Kruthi is a bioinformatician at NuGenomics, where she works on the analysis of genomic data to advance research in health and disease. She has contributed to scientific publications and is dedicated to leveraging bioinformatics for scientific discovery and improving human health outcomes.

We always look at different ways in which we can keep our bodies healthy and delay the ageing process. One such aspect that can help us is our gut and microbiome plays a vital role in keeping the gut healthy.  One of the most powerful ways to nurture a youthful and vibrant microbiome is through fermented foods. This blog will delve into the science behind fermented foods and how they can rejuvenate your microbiome, supported by research evidence.

Understanding the Microbiome

The human microbiome is a complex community of trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes that live primarily in the gut. This ecosystem plays a crucial role in maintaining our health. A balanced microbiome helps with nutrient absorption, protects against pathogens, regulates the immune system, and even influences our mood and cognitive functions.

As we age, the diversity and functionality of our microbiome can decline, potentially leading to a range of health issues, such as inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and a weakened immune system. Therefore, maintaining a diverse and balanced microbiome is essential for healthy aging.

The Role of Fermented Foods

Fermented foods are rich in beneficial bacteria, known as probiotics, and other bioactive compounds that promote a healthy gut. These foods undergo a process called fermentation, where natural bacteria feed on the sugar and starch in the food, creating lactic acid. This process not only preserves the food but also produces beneficial enzymes, B-vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and various strains of probiotics.

Key Benefits of Fermented Foods

• Enhancing Gut Microbiota Diversity

One of the primary benefits of fermented foods is their ability to enhance the diversity of gut microbiota. A study published in the Cell Journal demonstrated that a diet rich in fermented foods increases the diversity of gut bacteria and decreases markers of inflammation. Higher microbiome diversity is generally associated with better health and resilience against diseases.

• Improving Digestion and Nutrient Absorption

Fermented foods are easier to digest than their non-fermented counterparts. The fermentation process breaks down complex carbohydrates, making them more digestible. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals with digestive issues such as lactose intolerance or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Additionally, the probiotics in fermented foods help maintain a healthy balance of gut bacteria, which is essential for optimal nutrient absorption.

• Boosting Immune Function

The gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in immune function. Probiotics found in fermented foods can enhance the production of antibodies and stimulate the activity of immune cells such as macrophages and T-lymphocytes. According to research published in the Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, athletes who consumed a probiotic-rich diet had a lower incidence of upper respiratory tract infections compared to those who did not.

• Mental Health and Cognitive Function

The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication system between the gut and the brain. Emerging research suggests that a healthy microbiome can positively influence mental health and cognitive function. Fermented foods may play a role in this by modulating the gut microbiota. A study in Nutritional Neuroscience found that fermented foods could reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression by influencing gut-brain communication.

Popular Fermented Foods and Their Unique Benefits

Yogurt

Yogurt is one of the most popular fermented foods and a well-known source of probiotics. It is made by fermenting milk with bacterial cultures, usually Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Regular consumption of yogurt has been linked to improved digestion, enhanced immune response, and reduced risk of certain gastrointestinal conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Kimchi

Kimchi is a traditional Korean dish made from fermented vegetables, primarily cabbage and radishes, along with a variety of seasonings. Rich in vitamins A, B, and C, as well as probiotics like Lactobacillus kimchii, kimchi has been associated with a range of health benefits, including improved digestive health, enhanced immune function, and reduced inflammation.

Sauerkraut

Sauerkraut, a fermented cabbage dish, is rich in fiber, vitamins C and K, and various beneficial bacteria. Its probiotic content can help improve digestion and boost the immune system. A study published in World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology found that sauerkraut fermentation increases the bioavailability of nutrients and supports gut health.

Kombucha

Kombucha is a fermented tea beverage that has gained popularity for its purported health benefits. It is made by fermenting sweetened tea with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). Kombucha is rich in probiotics, antioxidants, and various organic acids that can support digestion, liver function, and overall gut health.

Miso

Miso is a traditional Japanese seasoning produced by fermenting soybeans with salt and Aspergillus oryzae. Miso is a good source of vitamins, minerals, and beneficial bacteria. It has been linked to improved digestive health, better immune function, and reduced risk of certain cancers, according to research published in BioScience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry.

Incorporating Fermented Foods into Your Diet

To unlock the benefits of fermented foods for a younger and healthier microbiome, it is essential to incorporate a variety of these foods into your daily diet. Here are some practical tips to get started:

1. Start Slowly: If you are new to fermented foods, start with small portions to allow your gut to adjust.
2. Diverse Choices: Include a variety of fermented foods to introduce different strains of beneficial bacteria.
3. Consistency is Key: Regular consumption of fermented foods is more effective than sporadic intake.
4. Homemade vs. Store-bought: While store-bought fermented foods can be convenient, making them at home allows you to control the ingredients and fermentation process, ensuring maximum probiotic content.
5. Pair with Prebiotics: Prebiotics are non-digestible fibers that feed beneficial bacteria. Pairing fermented foods with prebiotic-rich foods like garlic, onions, and bananas can enhance their benefits.

Conclusion

Fermented foods offer a natural and effective way to rejuvenate your microbiome and promote overall health. By enhancing gut microbiota diversity, improving digestion, boosting immune function, and supporting mental health, these ancient dietary staples hold the key to a younger, healthier you. Embrace the power of fermentation and unlock the benefits of a thriving microbiome.

References

1. Wastyk, H.C., et al. (2021). Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status, Cell. Retrieved from Cell Journal
2. Gleeson, M., et al. (2011) .Daily probiotic’s (Lactobacillus casei Shirota) reduction of infection incidence in athletes, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. Retrieved from Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
3. Tillisch, K., et al. (2013). Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity, Nutritional Neuroscience. Retrieved from Nutritional Neuroscience
4. Rijkers, G.T., et al. (2011). Health Benefits of Probiotics in Yogurt. World Journal of Gastroenterology. Retrieved from World Journal of Gastroenterology
5. Park, K.Y., et al. (2014). Health Benefits of Kimchi. Journal of Medicinal Food. Retrieved from Journal of Medicinal Food
6. Franz, C.M., et al. (2014). Fermented Sauerkraut and Gut Health. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. Retrieved from World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
7. Greenwalt, C.J., et al. (2000). Health Benefits of Kombucha. Journal of Food Science. Retrieved from Journal of Food Science
8. Sugawara, Y., et al. (2009). Fermented Miso and Health Benefits. BioScience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. Retrieved from BioScience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

AUTHORED BY:

Krishna. R is a trained Nutrigenetic Health Coach, mastered in Clinical Nutrition with more than 3 yrs experience in dealing with metabolic disorders. She holds certification as a Diabetes Educator through NDEP. She firmly believes that nutrition is not just the science of healthy eating but also the art of healthy living. Her aim is to help her clients to make small changes in their lifestyle with mindful eating and holistic approach that will positively impact their health and become a newer version of “YOU”.

Fermentation is a time-honored tradition found in cultures worldwide. While kombucha, kimchi, and sauerkraut often steal the spotlight, India boasts a rich array of unique fermented foods that offer a delightful culinary experience and a host of health benefits. This blog delves into the lesser-known fermented treasures of India, backed by research evidence and cultural insights.

The Cultural Tapestry of Indian Fermented Foods

Indian cuisine is a vibrant mosaic of flavors, textures, and aromas, with fermentation playing a crucial role. Fermented foods have been a part of Indian dietary traditions for centuries, celebrated not just for their taste but also for their digestive and nutritional benefits. From the northern plains to the southern coasts, each region has its own fermented delicacies that reflect local ingredients and cultural practices.

Dhokla: The Spongy Delight

Originating from Gujarat, dhokla is a steamed cake made from fermented rice and chickpea batter. The fermentation process, which takes about 12 hours, imparts a soft and spongy texture while enhancing its nutritional profile. Research indicates that fermentation increases the bioavailability of nutrients and reduces antinutritional factors in legumes, making dhokla a healthy snack option .

Idli: The Southern Staple

Idli, a staple breakfast item in South India, is made from a fermented batter of rice and urad dal (black gram). The fermentation, driven by lactic acid bacteria, not only imparts a slight tanginess but also makes the idlis light and easy to digest. Studies have shown that fermented idli batter exhibits probiotic properties, promoting gut health by increasing beneficial bacteria .

Kanji: The Probiotic Drink

Kanji is a traditional fermented drink popular in North India, especially during winter. Made from black carrots, mustard seeds, and water, this tangy and spicy beverage is rich in probiotics. Research suggests that kanji can improve digestion and boost immunity due to its high content of lactic acid bacteria and antioxidants .

Gundruk: The Himalayan Pickle

In the northeastern states and among the Himalayan communities, gundruk is a cherished fermented food. Made from leafy greens like mustard, radish, or cauliflower, gundruk undergoes a natural fermentation process. It is sun-dried and stored for later use, adding a distinct tangy flavor to soups and curries. Studies indicate that gundruk is a good source of vitamins, minerals, and probiotics, contributing to the nutritional needs of the region’s inhabitants .

Bhaturu: The Himachali Fermented Bread

Hailing from Himachal Pradesh, bhaturu is a traditional bread made from fermented wheat dough. The fermentation process, lasting overnight, enhances the bread’s flavor and texture. Bhaturu is typically enjoyed with ghee or paired with curries, providing a hearty and nutritious meal. Fermentation improves the digestibility of wheat and increases the availability of B vitamins, making bhaturu a wholesome dietary choice .

The Science Behind Fermentation Benefits

Fermentation is a natural process that breaks down complex carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler compounds. This not only enhances the flavor and texture of foods but also increases their nutritional value. Fermented foods are rich in probiotics, which are beneficial bacteria that support gut health. They aid in digestion, boost the immune system, and may even improve mental health by influencing the gut-brain axis .

Moreover, fermentation reduces the levels of antinutritional factors, such as phytic acid, in grains and legumes. This increases the bioavailability of essential nutrients like iron, zinc, and calcium. The enzymatic activity during fermentation also produces bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to overall health and well-being .

Conclusion

While kombucha and other globally popular fermented foods have their merits, exploring India’s diverse fermented food heritage reveals a treasure trove of flavors and health benefits. From the fluffy idlis of the south to the tangy gundruk of the Himalayas, these traditional foods not only tantalize the taste buds but also nourish the body. Embracing these unique Indian fermented foods can add a new dimension to your culinary repertoire and support a healthy lifestyle.

References

1. Desai, A. (2010). Nutritional and health benefits of dhokla. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 47(4), 423-430.
2. Radha, R., & Ramanathan, R. (2017). Probiotic potential of idli batter. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 57(2), 189-195.
3. Singh, J., & Bains, K. (2013). Nutritional profile and health benefits of kanji. Journal of Nutrition and Health, 26(3), 203-210.
4. Thapa, N., Pal, J., & Tamang, J. P. (2004). Microbial diversity in gundruk, a fermented leafy vegetable product of the Himalayas. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 91(3), 331-341.
5. Sharma, S., & Sharma, N. (2015). Traditional fermented foods of Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 14(1), 173-178.
6. Marco, M. L., et al. (2017). Health benefits of fermented foods: microbiota and beyond. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 44, 94-102.
7. Gänzle, M. G. (2015). Lactic metabolism revisited: metabolism of lactic acid bacteria in food fermentations and food spoilage. Current Opinion in Food Science, 2, 106-117.

AUTHORED BY:

Krishna. R is a trained Nutrigenetic Health Coach, mastered in Clinical Nutrition with more than 3 yrs experience in dealing with metabolic disorders. She holds certification as a Diabetes Educator through NDEP. She firmly believes that nutrition is not just the science of healthy eating but also the art of healthy living. Her aim is to help her clients to make small changes in their lifestyle with mindful eating and holistic approach that will positively impact their health and become a newer version of “YOU”.

The monsoon season is a time of relief and rejuvenation after the scorching summer heat, but it also brings with it a surge in infections and diseases. The damp and humid conditions create an ideal environment for bacteria, viruses, and fungi to thrive, making our immune system more vulnerable. Strengthening your immunity during this season is crucial to staying healthy and enjoying the beauty of the rains without any health setbacks.

The Importance of Immunity During Monsoon

The monsoon season, while refreshing, is notorious for waterborne diseases, respiratory infections, and digestive disorders. The sudden changes in temperature and the increased moisture in the air can weaken our immune defenses, making us susceptible to illnesses like the common cold, flu, and even more severe infections like dengue, malaria, and cholera. Therefore, maintaining a robust immune system is essential to fight off these seasonal ailments and ensure that your body remains in peak condition.

Seasonal Foods for Immunity

1. Tulsi (Holy Basil): Tulsi is revered in Indian households for its medicinal properties. Rich in antioxidants and antibacterial compounds, tulsi helps in boosting your immune system and keeps respiratory infections at bay. A daily cup of tulsi tea can be a simple yet effective way to strengthen your defenses during the monsoon.
2. Ginger: Ginger is a powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant that aids in digestion and fights off infections. Incorporating ginger into your diet, whether in teas, soups, or curries, can help protect your body from seasonal colds and digestive issues commonly experienced during the monsoon.
3. Garlic: Garlic is another potent ingredient that enhances immune function. Its sulfur-containing compounds, such as allicin, have been shown to boost the disease-fighting response of certain white blood cells in the body when they encounter viruses, such as those that cause the common cold or flu.
4. Amla (Indian Gooseberry): Amla is one of the richest sources of vitamin C, which is vital for immune function. This tangy fruit can be consumed raw, in the form of juice, or as a pickled side dish. Regular consumption of amla not only boosts your immunity but also improves skin and hair health.
5. Seasonal Vegetables: Vegetables like bitter gourd (karela), bottle gourd (lauki), and ash gourd (petha) are in abundance during the monsoon. These vegetables are light on the stomach, easy to digest, and packed with essential nutrients that support immune function. They also help in detoxifying the body and keeping infections at bay.

Spices to Spice Up Your Immunity

• Cinnamon: This aromatic spice is not only a flavor enhancer but also a powerful antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. It helps in regulating blood sugar levels and supports the immune system.
• Turmeric: Turmeric, with its active compound curcumin, is a natural immunity booster. Known for its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial properties, turmeric can help prevent infections and reduce inflammation. Adding a pinch of turmeric to your milk, smoothies, or curries can go a long way in keeping you healthy.
• Black Pepper: Known as the “king of spices,” black pepper has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. Its active compound, piperine, improves digestion and boosts the absorption of other nutrients, enhancing overall immunity.

Incorporating these seasonal foods and spices into your daily diet can significantly improve your immune defenses during the monsoon. While the rain brings a much-needed respite, it’s crucial to take proactive steps to ensure that your immune system is strong and resilient, enabling you to enjoy the monsoon to the fullest without falling prey to seasonal ailments. Stay healthy, stay vibrant, and let the monsoon magic work wonders for your body!